| Abstract |
The “Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020” (PMA2020) project in Ethiopia is implemented in a nationally representative sample of 200 enumeration areas throughout Ethiopia. The project is designed to generate data on a variety of reproductive, maternal, and newborn health (RMNH) indicators that can inform national and regional governments. For the second round of data collection in Ethiopia (referred to as PMA2014/Ethiopia), the project employed a cadre of around 200 female resident enumerators, 30 supervisors, and 5 regional coordinators to collect data. Each resident enumerator was expected to interview up to 35 households, all women of childbearing age (15 to 49 years) in the households.
The survey was conducted in the 11 regions of Ethiopia: Amhara, Oromiya, SNNPR, Tigray, Addis Ababa city, Afar, Gambella, Benishangul-Gumuz, Somali, Harari, and Dire Dawa. Due to resource constraints, estimates are generated for only the first five regions (Amhara, Oromiya, SNNPR, Tigray, Addis Ababa city), with the other six regions combined into one grouping. PMA2014/Ethiopia-R2, the second round of data collection in Ethiopia, used a multi-stage cluster design with urban/rural regions as strata. Data collection was conducted between October and December 2014.
PMA2020 uses standardized questionnaires for households and females to gather data that is comparable across program countries and consistent with existing national surveys. Two questionnaires were used to collect data from the PMA2014/Ethiopia-R2 survey: the household questionnaire and the female questionnaire. All PMA2020 questionnaires are administered using Open Data Kit (ODK) software installed on mobile phones (smartphones) using the Android operating system. The PMA2014/Ethiopia questionnaires appeared in three local languages (Amharic, Afan Oromo, and Tigrigna), in addition to English.
A total of 6,648 women ages 15 to 49 were interviewed in the PMA2014/Ethiopia survey. Results from PMA2014/Ethiopia found that 23.7% of all women ages 15 to 49 and 34.2% of women currently married or in union reported they or their partner were using a contraceptive method. Modern contraceptive prevalence is 23.3% for all women and 33.8% for women currently married or in the union. The most frequently used contraceptive method reported in the 2014 survey was the injectable, adopted by 72% of all users and 74% of married users.
The PMA2014/Ethiopia survey found that 15.9% of all women ages 15 to 49 and 24.4% of women ages 15 to 49 who are currently married or in the union had an unmet contraceptive need. Unmet need was highest among women in the poorest households and lowest for those in the highest wealth quintile. In 2014, total contraceptive demand was 39.5% among all women ages 15 to 49 and 58.6% among married women ages 15 to 49.
Among all women with at least one birth, 58.7% reported that their last or current pregnancy was intended. Another 25.2% wanted their pregnancy to be timed later, and 16.0% did not want any additional children. Forty-four percent of users decided on their most recent contraceptive method themselves and another 35.5% decided with their partner or provider. Overall, one-fifth (20.1%) of recent or current users in Ethiopia reported paying fees for family planning services in the past 12 months. Related to quality of care Ninety percent of recent/current users would return to their provider, and 7 in 10 (69.5%) would prefer their relative or friend to the provider (or facility). About two-thirds (65.6%) of recent/ current users reported that they would return and refer a friend/family member to their provider. The PMA2014/Ethiopia survey estimated the total fertility rate to be 4.3 at the national level, 2.5 in urban areas, and 4.9 in rural areas.
The median age at marriage and age at first sex was 17.2 and 16.9 years in the PMA2014/Ethiopia survey for women ages 25 to 49. Close to a third of women who have ever used contraception began using when they had no children or one child. Among those aged 40 years and older at the time of the survey, over 90% began using contraception when they had three or more children.
The total percentage of households reporting usage of public tap/standpipes as the main water source remains similar between EDHS 2011 (22.5%) and PMA2014/Ethiopia (21.9%). Hand-washing stations are more common in urban areas than in rural areas, with 11.6% of the urban population living in homes that reportedly have a hand-washing station, versus 1.9% of the rural population. In the total population, 59.2% of respondents report the practice of open defecation, compared to 29.2% of those who do not. Urban residents practice open defecation at a higher rate (65.1%) than do rural residents. The wealthiest comprise the largest percentage of the population with water on their premises (25.2%) and who spend up to 5 minutes collecting water (34.1%) compared to 5.9% of the poorest who reported having water where they live and spend the same amount of time obtaining water (5.3%).
The amount of time spent collecting water ranged from 6 minutes to 2 hours. Women ages 15 to 17 made up the largest percentage of females (44.4%) who spent 6 to 30 minutes collecting water, whereas the majority of those aged 40 years and older (30.7%) spent between 31 and 120 minutes. |
| Description |
Performance Monitoring for Accountability 2014/Ethiopia-R2 Household and Female dataset produced by 6,813 households, 6,648 females’ survey was targeted to be representative at the national level and in 5 of 11 regions (Amhara, Oromiya, SNNPR, Tigray, Addis Ababa city). Apparently, the collection was conducted between October and December 2014.
Household data include information on household members, as well as assets, livestock ownership, housing construction, and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions. The female survey gathers information on sociodemographic characteristics, such as education and marital status, as well as measures of fertility and contraceptive use, including the dates of women’s first and two most recent births, age at first sex, age at first marriage, and age and parity at first contraceptive use. Family planning measures include current use of contraception and contraceptive use within 12 months preceding the interview among current non-users, by the method previously used. The data also include reasons for not using or stopping a method of contraception, intention to use contraception in the future among non-users, autonomy and influences related to contraceptive decision-making, and the “method information index”— whether she was told about any methods other than the one she chose, whether she received counseling on side effects, and whether she was told what to do if she experienced side effects.
PMA2020 uses standardized questionnaires for households and SDPs to gather data that is comparable across program countries and consistent with existing national surveys. Two questionnaires were used to collect data from the PMA2014/Ethiopia-R2 Household and female survey: the household questionnaire and the female questionnaire. All PMA2020 questionnaires are administered using Open Data Kit (ODK) software installed on mobile phones (smartphones) using the Android operating system. All interviews with household and female respondents are conducted face‐to‐face. Female resident enumerators in each enumeration area administered the household questionnaire and female questionnaire in selected households. Generally, Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 (PMA2020) was created to provide rapid and frequent estimates of modern contraceptive use in FP2020 priority countries. |
